Thoughts on El Mozote

I have been putting off writing this entry in hopes that with more time my thoughts would just express themselves easily and that I would be able to draw some insightful or even inspiring conclusions on the topic. But now I have decided that I don't have to write about it perfectly or comprehensively, that what is most important is that there be people writing about it. Because even after 30 years no one seems to have really made sense of it nor been able to rectify it, and that is what is most unsettling. It is still very confusing, messy, and politically loaded. I am referring to the El Mozote Massacre that took place here in a small town of the department of Morazán, El Salvador, in December, 1981, during the civil war. The details tend to vary depending on the source of information, and have changed over the years following different investigations and reports. It has been established though, that during the 10th-13th of December, 1981, special Salvadoran military forces trained by the School of the Americas in the United States, and financed by the U.S. government, killed 937 inhabitants of El Mozote and surrounding communities. In El Mozote, according to personal testimony, men, women, and children were separated and systematically executed, often after first being raped or tortured. Houses and buildings were sacked and the bodies were set on fire. The soldiers then moved on to the more rural surrounding communities to do the same. Around 500, or about half, of the victims were children. According to the sole survivor of the town of El Mozote, Rufina Amaya, the villagers had been warned to evacuate and seek shelter in the bigger towns, such as Gotera, because of military attacks on rural areas, which were then the stronghold of guerrilla forces. The community did not evacuate because they felt safe: they were not strongly aligned with guerillas, and had friendly relations with the military.
 
The bodies were left unburied as guerilla forces encouraged news media and human rights groups to visit and report on the events. The reports of a possible massacre were denied by the military as well as by president Reagan. It wasn't until 1992 that forensic archaeologists visited and finally "confirmed" that a massacre had taken place. Another investigation in 2003 found new evidence and established a more accurate count of the death toll.
 
I recently attended the 20th Anniversary of the Peace Accords event in El Mozote, hosted by the president of El Salvador, the first lady, cabinet members, and survivors of the massacre. The purpose of the event, titled "El Mozote Nunca Mas" (El Mozote never again) was to formally acknowledge that indeed a massacre had taken place, and to establish as truths some of the facts and figures. President Funes spoke to the crowd of thousands gathered in the plaza of El Mozote, giving a summary of events and apologizing on behalf of the government for the atrocity. Funes went on to say that those responsible, mentioning specifically Colonel Domingo Monterrosa, could no longer be considered war heroes (there are landmarks in San Salvador that bear their names). He continued with a series of promises to the inhabitants of the present-day El Mozote, to provide them with the attention, justice, and reparations they deserve. Among the promises were the installation of medical personnel in El Mozote to provide more regular physical and mental health care, the donation of twenty computers to the school, the paving of the road leading to El Mozote (currently only accessed by a dirt road) and the road all the way to the town of Joateca, and an economic stimulus program to boost agricultural production and small businesses. He also mentioned reparations to victims and families, although in what form these would be was unclear. He had mentioned in previous occasions that the perpetrators of the massacre can not be covered under the amnesty law which prevents trying crimes committed during the civil war because the law does not apply to egregious human rights abuses, and also, because the state should not be allowed to pardon itself. Attempts were made in the early 2000s to reopen the case in the Inter-American Court, but all failed because of the amnesty law.
 
These new developments and proposals are all well and good, but what is so upsetting is that in 30 years these things haven't already been done. El Mozote is still a poor, rural, community, and probably the only help it has received is in the form of increased tourism to the massacre sight, evidenced by a couple of pupuserias and an artisan store that have popped up in the center of town. They still don't have doctors, computers, or a paved road. There is a monument with the names of victims, as well as a reflection garden at the sight of the old church, planted over the exact place where 140 children were found dead and later buried. Being there in the garden, and hearing a personal testimony from a survivor, I was overwhelmed by the injustice of it all, and I am not even a victim nor have I been personally affected. Vindication is better late than never, but the delay has been tragic. For example, Rufina Amaya, the sole survivor from the town of El Mozote who dedicated her life to espousing the truth, has since died of natural causes.


For more information:


Mark Danner's article in The New Yorker